文章段落

在标题过后我们自然进入到了文章段落的理解以及做题的过程中去，在这个过程中其实我们需要为最后的文章小结题做好非常充分的准备。

在读完每一个段落之后我建议同学们不要急于开始进行左侧相应题目的解答。我们应该回顾总结一下刚才所读的这一段的main idea（段落观点），我们都知道其实大部分文章段落的核心观点都展现在段落的前两句话范围内。当然我们也需要知道在一部分情况下在段落中间篇幅的地方会出现一句转折词开头的句子，这句话往往引出了一个新的观点，同时也对这个段落进行了分层。

比如：

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buchner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

在这一段文章中我们从段首的地方了解到段落一开始主要在讨论人类活动破坏了deer的栖息地导致deer数量急剧减少。

但是我们在中间看到了But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.这样一句话。很明显这句话起到了分层的作用，在这句话后面的部分开始介绍的是black-tailed deer受到了人类影响反而数量增加的观点及相关内容。所以很显然这样的段落我们要将两个部分观点结合在一起作为本段话的main idea，并且更多的以后半段作为重心。

我们在这样一段文章的阅读后可以在大脑中过一下段落观点，当然如果有同学觉得读到之后的文章内容后很容易忘记前文的段落观点，那么我建议大家可以进行适当的笔记。

阅读也需要笔记吗？

当然可以，因为这是一个非常高效的方式来帮我们每个同学记录每一段的main idea，值得注意的是往往文章第一段都是对于背景信息的介绍，所以我们在读完之后不需要进行笔记的记录。

而对于之后的每一个段落在读完之后建议同学们不要急着做题，而是可以先把本段的main idea用最简单的笔记方式（参考听力笔记的记录方式）在草稿纸上记录下来。

这样一来在全部段落读完之后也就是我们做到文章最后一题的时候我们可以参考我们自己的笔记梳理文章的主要观点。这样一来就可以非常高效同时准确的归纳出文章重要观点，在有限的时间里迅速阅读最后一题的每一个选项，开始进行判断筛选工作。

很多同学在经过一整篇文章的阅读和做题之后在做文章小结题的时候往往会很容易选出一个看似内容在原文提到过的选项作为答案之一。

但是其实这样的选项有可能是原文的细节信息或者是例子，这恰恰在文章小结题中是最常见的干扰项，同学们必须及时转变思维模式，将这样的选项排除掉。这里我们再来看一个官方指南中的例子：

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.

很明显我们会发现这个选项中提到的Texas属于原文段落中例子，同时该选项中还出现了这个段落中未提及的genetic engineering的信息，所以我们可以认定这个选项属于错误细节信息，因此属于干扰项。

我们再来看到另外一种比较典型的干扰项，通过很多文章的标题我们都能获知文章主要讨论的对象，那么也就是说全文都会围绕这一对象进行展开，最后我们所选出的重要观点也应该是以该对象为主角（选项句子的主语往往是这个对象），那么一旦我们在选项中遇到主语并不是文章主角的句子就应该更加仔细的进行判断。

比如我们来看接下来的这个例子，在TPO中有这样的一篇文章：《Deer population of the Puget Sound》，通过标题以及文章的通读我们很容易得知全文主要讨论的对象就是这一地区deer的数量，所以最后的正确选项应该是以deer population作为主语的，那么对于下面这样不以deer数量为主语的选项我们就要更加慎重地去判断。

Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.